Simon Property Group, Inc. Simon Property Group, L.P. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Dollars in thousands, except share, per share, unit and per unit amounts and where indicated as in millions or billions)
Concentration of Credit Risk Our U.S. Malls, Premium Outlets, and The Mills rely upon anchor tenants to attract customers; however, anchors do not contribute materially to our financial results as many anchors own their spaces. All material operations are within the United States and no customer or tenant accounts for 5% or more of our consolidated revenues. COVID-19 On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus, or COVID-19, a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic had a material negative impact on economic and market conditions around the world. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve and governments and other authorities, including where we own or hold interests in properties, have at times imposed measures intended to control its spread, including restrictions on freedom of movement, group gatherings and business operations such as travel bans, border closings, business closures, quarantines, stay-at-home, shelter-in-place orders, density limitations and social distancing measures. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and these measures, the Company has experienced and may continue to experience material impacts including changes in the ability to recognize revenue due to changes in our assessment of the probability of collection of lease income and asset impairment charges as a result of changing cash flows generated by our properties and investments.
11. Related Party Transactions Transactions with Affiliates
Our management company provides office space and legal, human resource administration, property specific financing and other support services to Melvin Simon & Associates, Inc., or MSA, a related party, for which we received a fee of $0.6 million in each of 2022, 2021 and 2020. In addition, pursuant to management agreements that provide for our receipt of a management fee and reimbursement of our direct and indirect costs, we have managed since 1993 two shopping centers owned by entities in which David Simon and Herbert Simon have ownership interests, for which we received a fee of $3.8 million, $3.5 million, and $3.3 million in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Transactions with Unconsolidated Joint Ventures As described in Note 2, our management company provides management, insurance, and other services to certain unconsolidated joint ventures. Amounts received for such services were $112.1 million, $102.1 million, and $92.7 million in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. During 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recorded development, royalty, and other fee income, net of elimination, related to our unconsolidated international joint ventures of $12.1 million, $12.4 million, and $13.1 million, respectively. The fees related to our international investments are included in other income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Neither MSA, David Simon, or Herb Simon have an ownership interest in any of our unconsolidated joint ventures, except through their ownership interests in the Company or the Operating Partnership. We have investments in retailers including J.C. Penney and SPARC Group, and these retailers are lessees at certain of our operating properties. Lease income from the date of our investments in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income related to these retailers was $83.8 million, $82.5 million, and $54.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, net of elimination.
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